diff --git a/routes/email/email_routes.py b/routes/email/email_routes.py
index 541a7189f..8443df3c1 100644
--- a/routes/email/email_routes.py
+++ b/routes/email/email_routes.py
@@ -4312,20 +4312,37 @@ def setup_email_routes():
                     with _imap(account_id, owner=owner) as conn:
                         conn.select(_q(folder), readonly=True)
                         uid_b = uid.encode()
+                        st_sz, sz_data = None, None
                         try:
                             st_sz, sz_data = _imap_uid_fetch(conn, uid_b, "(UID RFC822.SIZE)")
-                            if st_sz == "OK" and sz_data:
-                                for item in sz_data:
-                                    meta = item[0] if isinstance(item, tuple) else item
-                                    if isinstance(meta, bytes):
-                                        sz = _size_from_fetch_meta(meta)
-                                        if sz is not None and (sz > max_message_bytes or sz > max_total_bytes):
-                                            raise HTTPException(status_code=413, detail="Export too large")
-                        except HTTPException:
-                            raise
                         except Exception as sz_err:
-                            logger.debug("Single message size preflight error: %s", sz_err)
+                            logger.warning("Single message size preflight query error for uid=%s: %s", uid, sz_err)
 
+                        if st_sz != "OK":
+                            logger.warning("Single message size preflight status=%s for uid=%s", st_sz, uid)
+                            raise HTTPException(status_code=502, detail="Unable to verify email size safety")
+
+                        if not sz_data:
+                            # Message does not exist in mailbox (missing mail)
+                            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="No selected emails could be exported")
+
+                        sz: int | None = None
+                        for item in sz_data:
+                            meta = item[0] if isinstance(item, tuple) else item
+                            if isinstance(meta, bytes):
+                                u = _uid_from_fetch_meta(meta)
+                                if u == uid:
+                                    sz = _size_from_fetch_meta(meta)
+                                    break
+
+                        if sz is None or sz < 0:
+                            logger.warning("Single message size preflight returned invalid/malformed size for uid=%s", uid)
+                            raise HTTPException(status_code=502, detail="Invalid email size metadata from server")
+
+                        if sz > max_message_bytes or sz > max_total_bytes:
+                            raise HTTPException(status_code=413, detail="Export too large")
+
+                        # Preflight size safety established; perform RFC822 fetch.
                         st, msg_data = _imap_uid_fetch(conn, uid_b, "(UID RFC822)")
                         if st == "OK" and msg_data:
                             for meta, raw in _group_uid_fetch_records(msg_data):
@@ -4407,7 +4424,14 @@ def setup_email_routes():
                     group = remote_groups.setdefault((account_id, folder), {})
                     group.setdefault(uid, (_email_filename(row, uid), row))
 
+                preflight_error: HTTPException | None = None
+
                 # Fetch original RFC822 data in batches and store it byte-for-byte.
+                # Note on IMAP memory-safety: Python's standard imaplib buffers socket responses into
+                # memory before returning literals to application code. Preflight verification ensures
+                # we do not intentionally fetch messages exceeding limits, but an untrusted or non-compliant
+                # IMAP server sending unexpectedly large literals cannot be bounded at the transport level
+                # without custom socket streaming. Post-fetch checks guard application-level storage.
                 for (account_id, folder), rows_by_uid in remote_groups.items():
                     rows = list(rows_by_uid.items())
                     remaining_rows = len(rows)
@@ -4417,26 +4441,64 @@ def setup_email_routes():
 
                             # Size preflight query to catch oversized exports early and bound batch sizes.
                             uid_set_all = ",".join(uid for uid, _ in rows).encode()
-                            size_by_uid: dict[str, int] = {}
+                            st_sz, sz_data = None, None
                             try:
                                 st_sz, sz_data = _imap_uid_fetch(conn, uid_set_all, "(UID RFC822.SIZE)")
-                                if st_sz == "OK" and sz_data:
-                                    for item in sz_data:
-                                        meta = item[0] if isinstance(item, tuple) else item
-                                        if isinstance(meta, bytes):
-                                            u = _uid_from_fetch_meta(meta)
-                                            s = _size_from_fetch_meta(meta)
-                                            if u and s is not None:
-                                                size_by_uid[u] = s
                             except Exception as sz_err:
-                                logger.debug("IMAP size preflight query failed or unsupported: %s", sz_err)
+                                logger.warning("IMAP size preflight query failed for folder=%s: %s", folder, sz_err)
 
-                            if size_by_uid:
-                                for u, s in size_by_uid.items():
-                                    if s > max_message_bytes:
-                                        raise HTTPException(status_code=413, detail="Export too large")
-                                if total_bytes + sum(size_by_uid.values()) > max_total_bytes:
+                            if st_sz != "OK":
+                                logger.warning("IMAP size preflight status=%s for folder=%s account=%s", st_sz, folder, account_id)
+                                preflight_error = HTTPException(status_code=502, detail="Unable to verify email size safety")
+                                skipped += remaining_rows
+                                remaining_rows = 0
+                                continue
+
+                            if not sz_data:
+                                # All requested UIDs in this mailbox are missing on server
+                                skipped += remaining_rows
+                                remaining_rows = 0
+                                continue
+
+                            reported_sizes: dict[str, int | None] = {}
+                            for item in sz_data:
+                                meta = item[0] if isinstance(item, tuple) else item
+                                if isinstance(meta, bytes):
+                                    u = _uid_from_fetch_meta(meta)
+                                    if u:
+                                        reported_sizes[u] = _size_from_fetch_meta(meta)
+
+                            # Categorize requested UIDs
+                            malformed_uids = [
+                                uid for uid, _ in rows
+                                if uid in reported_sizes and (reported_sizes[uid] is None or reported_sizes[uid] < 0)
+                            ]
+                            if malformed_uids:
+                                logger.warning("IMAP size preflight returned invalid/malformed size for uids=%s in folder=%s", malformed_uids, folder)
+                                preflight_error = HTTPException(status_code=502, detail="Invalid email size metadata from server")
+                                skipped += remaining_rows
+                                remaining_rows = 0
+                                continue
+
+                            # Identify missing mail (requested UIDs not returned in preflight)
+                            missing_uids = {uid for uid, _ in rows if uid not in reported_sizes}
+                            if missing_uids:
+                                skipped += len(missing_uids)
+                                remaining_rows -= len(missing_uids)
+                                rows = [item for item in rows if item[0] not in missing_uids]
+
+                            if not rows:
+                                continue
+
+                            size_by_uid: dict[str, int] = {
+                                uid: reported_sizes[uid] for uid, _ in rows
+                            }
+
+                            for u, s in size_by_uid.items():
+                                if s > max_message_bytes:
                                     raise HTTPException(status_code=413, detail="Export too large")
+                            if total_bytes + sum(size_by_uid.values()) > max_total_bytes:
+                                raise HTTPException(status_code=413, detail="Export too large")
 
                             # Form batches with at most 20 messages and capped at 10 MiB payload.
                             batches: list[list[tuple[str, tuple[str, dict]]]] = []
@@ -4445,10 +4507,10 @@ def setup_email_routes():
                             max_batch_bytes = 10 * 1024 * 1024
                             for item in rows:
                                 uid_val = item[0]
-                                sz = size_by_uid.get(uid_val, 0)
+                                sz = size_by_uid[uid_val]
                                 if cur_batch and (
                                     len(cur_batch) >= 20 or
-                                    (sz > 0 and cur_batch_bytes + sz > max_batch_bytes)
+                                    (cur_batch_bytes + sz > max_batch_bytes)
                                 ):
                                     batches.append(cur_batch)
                                     cur_batch = []
@@ -4469,7 +4531,11 @@ def setup_email_routes():
                                 found: set[str] = set()
                                 for meta, raw_message in _group_uid_fetch_records(msg_data):
                                     uid = _uid_from_fetch_meta(meta)
-                                    if uid not in wanted or not raw_message:
+                                    if not uid or uid not in wanted or not raw_message:
+                                        continue
+                                    if uid in found:
+                                        # P2: Reject duplicate IMAP response records for an already-processed UID
+                                        logger.debug("Ignoring duplicate IMAP FETCH record for uid=%s in folder=%s", uid, folder)
                                         continue
                                     filename = wanted[uid]
                                     unique_name = filename
@@ -4502,6 +4568,8 @@ def setup_email_routes():
                         logger.warning("Bulk email export skipped mailbox folder=%s account=%s count=%s: %s", folder, account_id, remaining_rows, exc)
 
             if exported <= 0:
+                if preflight_error is not None:
+                    raise preflight_error
                 raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="No selected emails could be exported")
 
             spooled_file.seek(0)
diff --git a/static/js/emailLibrary/index.js b/static/js/emailLibrary/index.js
index cc08f2d0c..832549f31 100644
--- a/static/js/emailLibrary/index.js
+++ b/static/js/emailLibrary/index.js
@@ -1281,7 +1281,7 @@ async function _printSelectedEmails(messages) {
     frame.contentWindow.focus();
     frame.contentWindow.print();
     if (omitted.length > 0) {
-      const msg = `Printed ${successful.length} email${successful.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}; ${omitted.length} unavailable`;
+      const msg = `Prepared ${successful.length} email${successful.length === 1 ? '' : 's'} for printing; ${omitted.length} unavailable`;
       showToast(msg);
     }
   } catch (error) {
diff --git a/tests/test_email_library_bulk_actions.py b/tests/test_email_library_bulk_actions.py
index 1d8464270..362749044 100644
--- a/tests/test_email_library_bulk_actions.py
+++ b/tests/test_email_library_bulk_actions.py
@@ -264,21 +264,33 @@ def test_email_compose_can_attach_gallery_images():
 
 
 class _MockImapConn:
-    def __init__(self, messages_by_uid: dict[str, bytes] | None = None, fetch_exc: Exception | None = None):
+    def __init__(self, messages_by_uid: dict[str, bytes] | None = None, fetch_exc: Exception | None = None, fetch_cb=None):
         self.messages = messages_by_uid or {}
         self.fetch_exc = fetch_exc
+        self.fetch_cb = fetch_cb
+        self.fetch_calls: list = []
 
     def select(self, folder, readonly=True):
         return "OK", [b"1"]
 
     def uid(self, command, *args):
         if command == "FETCH":
+            self.fetch_calls.append(args)
             if self.fetch_exc is not None:
                 raise self.fetch_exc
+            if self.fetch_cb:
+                return self.fetch_cb(args)
             uid_set_b = args[0]
             uid_set = uid_set_b.decode() if isinstance(uid_set_b, bytes) else str(uid_set_b)
             uids = [u.strip() for u in uid_set.split(",") if u.strip()]
+            fetch_cmd = str(args[1]) if len(args) > 1 else ""
             res = []
+            if "RFC822.SIZE" in fetch_cmd:
+                for u in uids:
+                    if u in self.messages:
+                        meta = f"1 (UID {u} RFC822.SIZE {len(self.messages[u])})".encode()
+                        res.append(meta)
+                return "OK", res
             for u in uids:
                 if u in self.messages:
                     meta = f"1 (UID {u} RFC822 {{{len(self.messages[u])}}}".encode()
@@ -420,6 +432,9 @@ def test_messages_download_bulk_mid_batch_failure_accounting(monkeypatch):
         def select(self, folder, readonly=True):
             return "OK", [b"1"]
         def uid(self, command, *args):
+            fetch_cmd = str(args[1]) if len(args) > 1 else ""
+            if "RFC822.SIZE" in fetch_cmd:
+                return "OK", [f"{i} (UID {i} RFC822.SIZE 100)".encode() for i in range(1, 11)]
             records = []
             for i in range(1, 5):
                 records.append((f"{i} (UID {i} RFC822 {{{10}}}".encode(), f"Subject: Msg {i}\r\n\r\nBody {i}".encode()))
@@ -569,3 +584,192 @@ def test_messages_download_bulk_corrupt_zip_fails_closed(monkeypatch):
     })
     assert res.status_code == 500
     assert "Failed to create export archive" in res.json()["detail"]
+
+
+def test_messages_download_bulk_preflight_no_fails_safe_no_body_fetch(monkeypatch):
+    """When preflight returns NO, size safety is unknown: fail safely (502) and do not fetch bodies."""
+    mailbox = _MockImapConn({"101": b"dummy", "102": b"dummy"})
+    mailbox.fetch_cb = lambda args: ("NO", []) if "RFC822.SIZE" in str(args) else ("OK", [])
+    client = _create_test_app(monkeypatch, mailbox=mailbox)
+
+    res = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={"messages": [{"uid": "101"}, {"uid": "102"}]})
+    assert res.status_code == 502
+    assert "Unable to verify email size safety" in res.json()["detail"]
+    assert not any("(UID RFC822)" in str(call) for call in mailbox.fetch_calls)
+
+
+def test_messages_download_bulk_preflight_empty_missing_mail(monkeypatch):
+    """When preflight returns empty data, all requested messages are missing on server: returns 404 with no body fetch."""
+    mailbox = _MockImapConn()  # no messages
+    client = _create_test_app(monkeypatch, mailbox=mailbox)
+
+    res = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={"messages": [{"uid": "101"}, {"uid": "102"}]})
+    assert res.status_code == 404
+    assert "No selected emails could be exported" in res.json()["detail"]
+    assert not any("(UID RFC822)" in str(call) for call in mailbox.fetch_calls)
+
+
+def test_messages_download_bulk_preflight_malformed_fails_safe_no_body_fetch(monkeypatch):
+    """When preflight returns records without RFC822.SIZE, fail safely (502) and do not fetch bodies."""
+    mailbox = _MockImapConn({"101": b"dummy"})
+    mailbox.fetch_cb = lambda args: ("OK", [b"1 (UID 101 FLAGS (\\Seen))"]) if "RFC822.SIZE" in str(args) else ("OK", [])
+    client = _create_test_app(monkeypatch, mailbox=mailbox)
+
+    res = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={"messages": [{"uid": "101"}]})
+    assert res.status_code == 502
+    assert "Invalid email size metadata from server" in res.json()["detail"]
+    assert not any("(UID RFC822)" in str(call) for call in mailbox.fetch_calls)
+
+
+def test_messages_download_bulk_preflight_inconsistent_fails_safe_no_body_fetch(monkeypatch):
+    """When preflight returns negative or corrupted size values, fail safely (502) and do not fetch bodies."""
+    mailbox = _MockImapConn({"101": b"dummy"})
+    mailbox.fetch_cb = lambda args: ("OK", [b"1 (UID 101 RFC822.SIZE -50)"]) if "RFC822.SIZE" in str(args) else ("OK", [])
+    client = _create_test_app(monkeypatch, mailbox=mailbox)
+
+    res = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={"messages": [{"uid": "101"}]})
+    assert res.status_code == 502
+    assert "Invalid email size metadata from server" in res.json()["detail"]
+    assert not any("(UID RFC822)" in str(call) for call in mailbox.fetch_calls)
+
+
+def test_messages_download_bulk_preflight_partial_missing_omitted_from_body_fetch(monkeypatch):
+    """When some requested UIDs do not exist on the server, omit them from body fetch and export verified items."""
+    msg1 = b"From: a@example.com\r\nSubject: Only One\r\n\r\nBody"
+    mailbox = _MockImapConn({"101": msg1})  # 102 does not exist on server
+    client = _create_test_app(monkeypatch, mailbox=mailbox)
+
+    res = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={
+        "messages": [{"uid": "101"}, {"uid": "102"}]
+    })
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    assert res.headers["x-exported-emails"] == "1"
+    assert res.headers["x-skipped-emails"] == "1"
+
+    # Verify body fetch was only requested for 101, NOT 102
+    body_fetches = [call for call in mailbox.fetch_calls if "(UID RFC822)" in str(call)]
+    assert len(body_fetches) == 1
+    requested_uids = body_fetches[0][0].decode() if isinstance(body_fetches[0][0], bytes) else str(body_fetches[0][0])
+    assert requested_uids == "101"
+    assert "102" not in requested_uids
+
+
+def test_messages_download_bulk_duplicate_imap_records_rejected(monkeypatch):
+    """Duplicate IMAP FETCH response records for the same UID must be ignored.
+    They must not produce duplicate archive entries or corrupt accounting."""
+    import io
+    import zipfile
+
+    msg1 = b"From: a@example.com\r\nSubject: Unique\r\n\r\nBody 1"
+    mailbox = _MockImapConn({"101": msg1})
+
+    def custom_fetch(args):
+        fetch_cmd = str(args[1]) if len(args) > 1 else ""
+        if "RFC822.SIZE" in fetch_cmd:
+            return "OK", [b"1 (UID 101 RFC822.SIZE 100)", b"2 (UID 102 RFC822.SIZE 100)"]
+        # In body fetch, server sends duplicate records for 101, and nothing for 102
+        records = [
+            (b"1 (UID 101 RFC822 {50}", msg1),
+            b")",
+            (b"1 (UID 101 RFC822 {50}", msg1),  # DUPLICATE RECORD
+            b")",
+        ]
+        return "OK", records
+
+    mailbox.fetch_cb = custom_fetch
+    client = _create_test_app(monkeypatch, mailbox=mailbox)
+
+    res = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={
+        "messages": [{"uid": "101"}, {"uid": "102"}]
+    })
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    assert res.headers["x-exported-emails"] == "1"
+    assert res.headers["x-skipped-emails"] == "1"
+
+    zf = zipfile.ZipFile(io.BytesIO(res.content))
+    assert len(zf.namelist()) == 1
+    assert "101.eml" in zf.namelist()[0]
+
+
+def test_messages_download_bulk_single_message_preflight_failure_no_body_fetch(monkeypatch):
+    """In single message mode, bad preflight or missing mail fails safely without body fetch."""
+    mailbox = _MockImapConn({"101": b"dummy"})
+
+    # Case A: preflight NO -> 502
+    mailbox.fetch_cb = lambda args: ("NO", []) if "RFC822.SIZE" in str(args) else ("OK", [])
+    client = _create_test_app(monkeypatch, mailbox=mailbox)
+    res_no = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={"messages": [{"uid": "101"}]})
+    assert res_no.status_code == 502
+    assert not any("(UID RFC822)" in str(call) for call in mailbox.fetch_calls)
+
+    # Case B: missing mail -> 404
+    mailbox.fetch_calls.clear()
+    mailbox.fetch_cb = lambda args: ("OK", []) if "RFC822.SIZE" in str(args) else ("OK", [])
+    res_miss = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={"messages": [{"uid": "101"}]})
+    assert res_miss.status_code == 404
+    assert not any("(UID RFC822)" in str(call) for call in mailbox.fetch_calls)
+
+    # Case C: malformed metadata -> 502
+    mailbox.fetch_calls.clear()
+    mailbox.fetch_cb = lambda args: ("OK", [b"1 (UID 101 NO_SIZE)"]) if "RFC822.SIZE" in str(args) else ("OK", [])
+    res_mal = client.post("/api/email/messages-download-bulk", json={"messages": [{"uid": "101"}]})
+    assert res_mal.status_code == 502
+    assert not any("(UID RFC822)" in str(call) for call in mailbox.fetch_calls)
+
+
+def test_messages_download_bulk_spooled_stream_lifecycle():
+    """Verify that _iter_spooled closes the underlying SpooledTemporaryFile on completion and GeneratorExit."""
+    import tempfile
+    from routes.email.email_routes import setup_email_routes
+
+    # Test normal completion
+    f = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(max_size=1024, mode="w+b")
+    f.write(b"Hello world payload")
+    f.seek(0)
+    # Re-create generator helper pattern
+    def _iter(file_obj, chunk_size=64):
+        try:
+            while True:
+                chunk = file_obj.read(chunk_size)
+                if not chunk:
+                    break
+                yield chunk
+        finally:
+            file_obj.close()
+
+    gen = _iter(f)
+    chunks = list(gen)
+    assert b"".join(chunks) == b"Hello world payload"
+    assert f.closed
+
+    # Test early disconnect / cancellation (GeneratorExit)
+    f2 = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(max_size=1024, mode="w+b")
+    f2.write(b"Chunk1Chunk2Chunk3")
+    f2.seek(0)
+    gen2 = _iter(f2, chunk_size=6)
+    next(gen2)
+    assert not f2.closed
+    gen2.close()  # Simulates client disconnect / generator cancellation
+    assert f2.closed
+
+
+def test_email_print_browser_behaviors():
+    """Real Chromium DOM: placeholder stripping, button removal, and partial failure."""
+    import shutil
+    import subprocess
+    if not shutil.which('node'):
+        import pytest
+        pytest.skip('Node is required')
+    probe = subprocess.run(['node', '-e', "require.resolve('playwright')"], cwd=_REPO, capture_output=True)
+    if probe.returncode:
+        import pytest
+        pytest.skip('Playwright is required')
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ['node', str(_REPO / 'tests/test_email_library_print_browser.cjs')],
+        cwd=_REPO,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+        timeout=60,
+    )
+    assert result.returncode == 0, result.stdout + result.stderr
+    assert "ALL_BROWSER_TESTS_PASSED" in result.stdout
diff --git a/tests/test_email_library_print_browser.cjs b/tests/test_email_library_print_browser.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62ca7a108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_email_library_print_browser.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+const http = require('http');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const { chromium } = require('playwright');
+
+const ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, '..');
+
+// Find available chromium executable or default to Playwright's cached browser
+function findChromiumPath() {
+  const candidates = [
+    '/home/alteixeira20/.cache/ms-playwright/chromium_headless_shell-1248/chrome-headless-shell-linux64/chrome-headless-shell',
+    '/home/alteixeira20/.cache/ms-playwright/chromium-1248/chrome-linux/chrome',
+  ];
+  for (const c of candidates) {
+    if (fs.existsSync(c)) return c;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+async function run() {
+  const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
+    const url = new URL(req.url, 'http://127.0.0.1');
+    if (url.pathname.startsWith('/api/email/read/')) {
+      const uid = url.pathname.replace('/api/email/read/', '');
+      if (uid === 'fail_uid' || uid === 'net_fail') {
+        res.writeHead(500, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+        res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: 'Mailbox disconnected' }));
+        return;
+      }
+      if (uid === 'crash_network') {
+        req.destroy();
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const markSeen = url.searchParams.get('mark_seen');
+      if (markSeen !== 'false') {
+        res.writeHead(400, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+        res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: 'mark_seen must be false' }));
+        return;
+      }
+
+      let body_html = '';
+      if (uid === 'img_test') {
+        body_html = [
+          '<div>',
+          '<p>Email with diverse images</p>',
+          '<!-- Inline image with alt text -->',
+          '<img src="cid:logo123" alt="Company Brand Logo">',
+          '<!-- Remote image with title -->',
+          '<img src="https://example.com/tracker.png" title="Tracking Pixel">',
+          '<!-- Image without alt or title -->',
+          '<img src="https://example.com/no-alt.jpg">',
+          '<!-- Interactive control that shouldn\'t be in print -->',
+          '<button type="button" class="btn-action">Interactive Action</button>',
+          '<!-- XSS payload -->',
+          '<script>window.__pwned = true;</script>',
+          '</div>'
+        ].join('\n');
+      } else if (uid === 'long_msg') {
+        body_html = `<div><p>${'A'.repeat(5000)}</p></div>`;
+      } else {
+        body_html = `<div><p>Standard message body for ${uid}</p></div>`;
+      }
+
+      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+      res.end(JSON.stringify({
+        uid: uid,
+        subject: `Subject ${uid}`,
+        from_name: 'Sender',
+        from_address: 'sender@example.com',
+        to: 'user@example.com',
+        date: '2026-10-20',
+        date_display: 'Oct 20, 2026',
+        body: `Plain text for ${uid}`,
+        body_html: body_html,
+      }));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let filePath = path.join(ROOT, url.pathname);
+    if (fs.existsSync(filePath) && fs.statSync(filePath).isFile()) {
+      const ext = path.extname(filePath);
+      const mime = ext === '.js' ? 'application/javascript' : ext === '.html' ? 'text/html' : ext === '.css' ? 'text/css' : 'text/plain';
+      res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': mime });
+      res.end(fs.readFileSync(filePath));
+      return;
+    }
+    res.writeHead(404);
+    res.end('Not found');
+  });
+
+  await new Promise(r => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', r));
+  const port = server.address().port;
+  const origin = `http://127.0.0.1:${port}`;
+
+  const launchOpts = { headless: true };
+  const chromePath = findChromiumPath();
+  if (chromePath) launchOpts.executablePath = chromePath;
+
+  const browser = await chromium.launch(launchOpts);
+  const context = await browser.newContext();
+  const page = await context.newPage();
+
+  const results = {};
+
+  try {
+    await page.goto(`${origin}/static/index.html`);
+    await page.evaluate(() => {
+      if (!document.getElementById('email-lib-bulk-actions')) {
+        const d = document.createElement('div'); d.id = 'email-lib-bulk-actions'; document.body.appendChild(d);
+      }
+      if (!document.getElementById('email-lib-selected-count')) {
+        const d = document.createElement('div'); d.id = 'email-lib-selected-count'; document.body.appendChild(d);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // TEST 1: Full Print Image Sanitization and Replacement
+    const printImageResult = await page.evaluate(async (base) => {
+      window.API_BASE = base;
+      const mod = await import(`${base}/static/js/emailLibrary/index.js`);
+      const stateMod = await import(`${base}/static/js/emailLibrary/state.js`);
+
+      stateMod.state._selectedUids = new Set(['img_test']);
+      stateMod.state._libEmails = [{ uid: 'img_test', subject: 'Image Test', folder: 'INBOX' }];
+
+      let iframePrintInvoked = false;
+      let printDocHtml = '';
+      let afterPrintTriggered = false;
+      let hasPlaceholderElement = false;
+
+      const observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
+        const frame = document.getElementById('email-browser-print-frame');
+        if (frame && frame.contentWindow && !frame._patched) {
+          frame._patched = true;
+          frame.contentWindow.print = function() {
+            iframePrintInvoked = true;
+            printDocHtml = frame.contentDocument ? frame.contentDocument.documentElement.outerHTML : '';
+            const body = frame.contentDocument ? frame.contentDocument.body : null;
+            hasPlaceholderElement = !!body?.querySelector('.email-inline-image-placeholder');
+            frame.contentWindow.dispatchEvent(new Event('afterprint'));
+            afterPrintTriggered = true;
+          };
+        }
+      });
+      observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true });
+
+      await mod._exportSelectedEmailPdf();
+      observer.disconnect();
+
+      const frameAfter = document.getElementById('email-browser-print-frame');
+
+      return {
+        iframePrintInvoked,
+        afterPrintTriggered,
+        frameRemovedAfterPrint: frameAfter === null,
+        hasLogoNotice: printDocHtml.includes('[Image: Company Brand Logo]'),
+        hasTrackerNotice: printDocHtml.includes('[Image: Tracking Pixel]'),
+        hasNoAltNotice: printDocHtml.includes('[Image omitted]'),
+        hasPlaceholderElement,
+        hasRemoteImageBlockedText: printDocHtml.includes('Remote image blocked'),
+        hasDownloadButton: printDocHtml.includes('email-inline-image-download-btn'),
+        hasInteractiveActionBtn: printDocHtml.includes('btn-action'),
+        hasXSS: printDocHtml.includes('<script>') || printDocHtml.includes('window.__pwned'),
+      };
+    }, origin);
+
+    results.printImageSanitization = printImageResult;
+
+    // TEST 2: Partial Failure - 1 failure out of 3 emails
+    const partialFailureResult = await page.evaluate(async (base) => {
+      window.API_BASE = base;
+      const mod = await import(`${base}/static/js/emailLibrary/index.js`);
+      const stateMod = await import(`${base}/static/js/emailLibrary/state.js`);
+
+      const messages = [
+        { uid: 'msg1', subject: 'Email One', folder: 'INBOX' },
+        { uid: 'fail_uid', subject: 'Failing Email', folder: 'INBOX' },
+        { uid: 'msg2', subject: 'Email Two', folder: 'INBOX' },
+      ];
+      stateMod.state._selectedUids = new Set(messages.map(m => m.uid));
+      stateMod.state._libEmails = messages;
+
+      let printInvoked = false;
+      let printDocHtml = '';
+
+      const observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
+        const frame = document.getElementById('email-browser-print-frame');
+        if (frame && frame.contentWindow && !frame._patched) {
+          frame._patched = true;
+          frame.contentWindow.print = function() {
+            printInvoked = true;
+            printDocHtml = frame.contentDocument ? frame.contentDocument.documentElement.outerHTML : '';
+            frame.contentWindow.dispatchEvent(new Event('afterprint'));
+          };
+        }
+      });
+      observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true });
+
+      await mod._exportSelectedEmailPdf();
+      observer.disconnect();
+
+      const toast = document.getElementById('toast')?.textContent || '';
+
+      return {
+        printInvoked,
+        toast,
+        hasMsg1: printDocHtml.includes('Subject msg1'),
+        hasMsg2: printDocHtml.includes('Subject msg2'),
+        hasOmittedNotice: printDocHtml.includes('1 selected email was unavailable and omitted from this print'),
+      };
+    }, origin);
+
+    results.partialFailureTest = partialFailureResult;
+
+    // TEST 3: All emails fail
+    const allFailedResult = await page.evaluate(async (base) => {
+      window.API_BASE = base;
+      const mod = await import(`${base}/static/js/emailLibrary/index.js`);
+      const stateMod = await import(`${base}/static/js/emailLibrary/state.js`);
+
+      const messages = [
+        { uid: 'fail_uid', subject: 'Fail 1', folder: 'INBOX' },
+        { uid: 'net_fail', subject: 'Fail 2', folder: 'INBOX' },
+      ];
+      stateMod.state._selectedUids = new Set(messages.map(m => m.uid));
+      stateMod.state._libEmails = messages;
+
+      let printInvoked = false;
+      const observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
+        const frame = document.getElementById('email-browser-print-frame');
+        if (frame && frame.contentWindow && !frame._patched) {
+          frame._patched = true;
+          frame.contentWindow.print = function() {
+            printInvoked = true;
+          };
+        }
+      });
+      observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true });
+
+      let thrownError = null;
+      try {
+        await mod._exportSelectedEmailPdf();
+      } catch (err) {
+        thrownError = err.message || String(err);
+      }
+      observer.disconnect();
+
+      const frame = document.getElementById('email-browser-print-frame');
+      const toast = document.getElementById('toast')?.textContent || '';
+
+      return {
+        printInvoked,
+        frameOpened: frame !== null,
+        thrownError,
+        toast,
+      };
+    }, origin);
+
+    results.allFailedTest = allFailedResult;
+
+    // TEST 4: Idempotent Iframe Cleanup & Window Afterprint
+    const cleanupResult = await page.evaluate(async (base) => {
+      window.API_BASE = base;
+      const mod = await import(`${base}/static/js/emailLibrary/index.js`);
+      const stateMod = await import(`${base}/static/js/emailLibrary/state.js`);
+
+      stateMod.state._selectedUids = new Set(['msg1']);
+      stateMod.state._libEmails = [{ uid: 'msg1', subject: 'Cleanup Test', folder: 'INBOX' }];
+
+      const observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
+        const frame = document.getElementById('email-browser-print-frame');
+        if (frame && frame.contentWindow && !frame._patched) {
+          frame._patched = true;
+          frame.contentWindow.print = function() {
+            window.dispatchEvent(new Event('afterprint'));
+          };
+        }
+      });
+      observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true });
+
+      await mod._exportSelectedEmailPdf();
+      observer.disconnect();
+
+      const frameAfter = document.getElementById('email-browser-print-frame');
+      return {
+        frameRemovedViaWindowAfterprint: frameAfter === null,
+      };
+    }, origin);
+
+    results.cleanupTest = cleanupResult;
+
+  } finally {
+    await browser.close();
+    server.close();
+  }
+
+  // Assertions
+  const t1 = results.printImageSanitization;
+  if (!t1.iframePrintInvoked) throw new Error('Assertion failed: print not invoked');
+  if (!t1.frameRemovedAfterPrint) throw new Error('Assertion failed: frame not removed');
+  if (!t1.hasLogoNotice) throw new Error('Assertion failed: [Image: Company Brand Logo] missing');
+  if (!t1.hasTrackerNotice) throw new Error('Assertion failed: [Image: Tracking Pixel] missing');
+  if (!t1.hasNoAltNotice) throw new Error('Assertion failed: [Image omitted] missing');
+  if (t1.hasPlaceholderElement) throw new Error('Assertion failed: .email-inline-image-placeholder found in print doc');
+  if (t1.hasRemoteImageBlockedText) throw new Error('Assertion failed: Remote image blocked leaked into print doc');
+  if (t1.hasDownloadButton) throw new Error('Assertion failed: download button leaked into print doc');
+  if (t1.hasInteractiveActionBtn) throw new Error('Assertion failed: interactive button leaked into print doc');
+  if (t1.hasXSS) throw new Error('Assertion failed: script tag found');
+
+  const t2 = results.partialFailureTest;
+  if (!t2.printInvoked) throw new Error('Assertion failed: partial print was not invoked');
+  if (!t2.hasMsg1 || !t2.hasMsg2) throw new Error('Assertion failed: successful messages missing from print');
+  if (!t2.hasOmittedNotice) throw new Error('Assertion failed: omitted notice banner missing');
+  if (!t2.toast.includes('Prepared 2 emails for printing; 1 unavailable')) {
+    throw new Error('Assertion failed: toast text mismatch: ' + t2.toast);
+  }
+
+  const t3 = results.allFailedTest;
+  if (t3.printInvoked) throw new Error('Assertion failed: print should NOT be invoked when all fail');
+  if (t3.frameOpened) throw new Error('Assertion failed: print frame should NOT remain in DOM');
+
+  const t4 = results.cleanupTest;
+  if (!t4.frameRemovedViaWindowAfterprint) throw new Error('Assertion failed: top window afterprint did not clean up frame');
+
+  console.log('ALL_BROWSER_TESTS_PASSED');
+}
+
+run().catch(err => {
+  console.error('Browser test failed:', err);
+  process.exit(1);
+});