From c5500dc2356e7ecb438d4962d585421d9828de3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeroen Schweitzer <jpmschweitzer@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2026 22:16:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] refactor(i18n): route remaining extension labels through the
 catalog (T-468)

Migrate the user-facing strings in menubar, output, search, deeplink, editor,
files, terminal, markdown, and vim to ClideSettings.i18n.string/.interpolated;
extend the existing catalogs and create the missing ones (deeplink, output,
search, markdown, menubar, vim). vim mode labels now resolve through
builtin.vim (default still `-- NORMAL --`, now localizable). A dock-status test
seeds builtin.output so the widget's own i18n lookups resolve instead of
warning into the logRing it counts. No en_US behaviour change (D-21).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .pql/changelog/ticket_history/2026-06.sql     |   1 +
 .pql/changelog/tickets/2026-06.sql            |   7 +
 lib/builtin/deeplink/src/extension.dart       |  34 ++++-
 lib/builtin/editor/src/editor_view.dart       |  18 ++-
 lib/builtin/files/src/file_tree_view.dart     |  43 +++++-
 lib/builtin/markdown/src/markdown_viewer.dart |  18 ++-
 lib/builtin/menubar/src/about_dialog.dart     |  45 +++++-
 lib/builtin/menubar/src/file_actions.dart     |  57 ++++++--
 lib/builtin/menubar/src/menu_bar.dart         |  16 ++-
 lib/builtin/output/src/dock_status_item.dart  |   5 +-
 lib/builtin/output/src/output_view.dart       |  55 +++++--
 lib/builtin/search/src/search_panel_view.dart | 136 +++++++++++++-----
 lib/builtin/terminal/src/terminal_pane.dart   |  36 ++++-
 lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_indicator.dart   |   9 +-
 lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_service.dart     |   5 +-
 .../i18n/catalog/builtin.deeplink_en_us.json  |   7 +
 .../i18n/catalog/builtin.editor_en_us.json    |   4 +-
 .../src/i18n/catalog/builtin.files_en_us.json |   7 +-
 .../i18n/catalog/builtin.markdown_en_us.json  |   5 +
 .../i18n/catalog/builtin.menubar_en_us.json   |  22 +++
 .../i18n/catalog/builtin.output_en_us.json    |  14 ++
 .../i18n/catalog/builtin.search_en_us.json    |  23 +++
 .../i18n/catalog/builtin.terminal_en_us.json  |   4 +-
 .../src/i18n/catalog/builtin.vim_en_us.json   |   5 +
 .../builtin/output/dock_status_item_test.dart |  16 ++-
 25 files changed, 495 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.deeplink_en_us.json
 create mode 100644 lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.markdown_en_us.json
 create mode 100644 lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.menubar_en_us.json
 create mode 100644 lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.output_en_us.json
 create mode 100644 lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.search_en_us.json
 create mode 100644 lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.vim_en_us.json

diff --git a/.pql/changelog/ticket_history/2026-06.sql b/.pql/changelog/ticket_history/2026-06.sql
index 00414d55..6aba9620 100644
--- a/.pql/changelog/ticket_history/2026-06.sql
+++ b/.pql/changelog/ticket_history/2026-06.sql
@@ -5942,3 +5942,4 @@ INSERT INTO ticket_history (ticket_record_id, field, old_value, new_value, chang
 INSERT INTO ticket_history (ticket_record_id, field, old_value, new_value, changed_by, changed_at, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at, hash, canonical_version) VALUES ('06FDA0WCPG458GF5FXTXM9VY98', 'status', 'in_progress', 'done', NULL, '2026-06-18 19:14:41', '2026-06-18 19:14:41.116', '2026-06-18 19:14:41.116', NULL, '2bf6c6fbef7a2e950fc1f31541f8dc22', 2) ON CONFLICT(hash) DO NOTHING;
 INSERT INTO ticket_history (ticket_record_id, field, old_value, new_value, changed_by, changed_at, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at, hash, canonical_version) VALUES ('06FDA0XMA9BQV4RHJ55BFN4JR4', 'status', 'in_progress', 'done', NULL, '2026-06-18 19:19:25', '2026-06-18 19:19:25.269', '2026-06-18 19:19:25.269', NULL, 'f1660567ecfe0c7220c23244206bc4d2', 2) ON CONFLICT(hash) DO NOTHING;
 INSERT INTO ticket_history (ticket_record_id, field, old_value, new_value, changed_by, changed_at, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at, hash, canonical_version) VALUES ('06FDA0YCY2WGSG8W46RHQ5Z9MW', 'status', 'in_progress', 'done', NULL, '2026-06-18 20:13:50', '2026-06-18 20:13:50.352', '2026-06-18 20:13:50.352', NULL, 'a885fb7b56c053669a8ef5f0e6032feb', 2) ON CONFLICT(hash) DO NOTHING;
+INSERT INTO ticket_history (ticket_record_id, field, old_value, new_value, changed_by, changed_at, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at, hash, canonical_version) VALUES ('06FDA0YYCJ0NK8C4HMDYKJHRDG', 'status', 'in_progress', 'done', NULL, '2026-06-18 20:16:03', '2026-06-18 20:16:03.747', '2026-06-18 20:16:03.747', NULL, '5e67beaa758d779f1b9212aecb82e050', 2) ON CONFLICT(hash) DO NOTHING;
diff --git a/.pql/changelog/tickets/2026-06.sql b/.pql/changelog/tickets/2026-06.sql
index e69581c9..2001ccc9 100644
--- a/.pql/changelog/tickets/2026-06.sql
+++ b/.pql/changelog/tickets/2026-06.sql
@@ -7348,3 +7348,10 @@ INSERT INTO tickets (record_id, type, parent_record_id, title, description, stat
 For each: route hardcoded ClideText/Text/tooltip literals through ctx.i18n.string(..., namespace: ''builtin.<ext>'', placeholder: <current literal>) and add keys.
 
 Acceptance: no hardcoded user-facing literals remain in lib/builtin/{tickets,pql,decisions,problems}/; keys present in each respective catalog.', 'done', 'medium', NULL, NULL, 'D-21', '2026-06-17 09:57:36.624', '2026-06-18 20:13:50.352', NULL, '919efbfb38b655d5157f73572aa20fad', 2) ON CONFLICT(record_id) DO UPDATE SET type=excluded.type, parent_record_id=excluded.parent_record_id, title=excluded.title, description=excluded.description, status=excluded.status, priority=excluded.priority, assigned_to=excluded.assigned_to, team=excluded.team, decision_ref=excluded.decision_ref, updated_at=excluded.updated_at, deleted_at=excluded.deleted_at, hash=excluded.hash, canonical_version=excluded.canonical_version WHERE excluded.updated_at > tickets.updated_at OR (excluded.updated_at = tickets.updated_at AND excluded.hash > tickets.hash);
+INSERT INTO tickets (record_id, type, parent_record_id, title, description, status, priority, assigned_to, team, decision_ref, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at, hash, canonical_version) VALUES ('06FDA0YYCJ0NK8C4HMDYKJHRDG', 'task', '06FDA0TPYSWEM10RP0Q76XAP58', 'i18n: migrate remaining extension labels — menubar, output, search, deeplink, editor, files, terminal, markdown, vim (~24 strings)', 'Tail of the audit: the remaining extensions with hardcoded labels. menubar ~6 (no catalog), output ~4 (no catalog), search ~3 (no catalog), deeplink ~3 (no catalog), editor ~1, files ~1, terminal ~1, markdown ~1 (no catalog), vim ~1 (no catalog).
+
+Several have no catalog file yet — create lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.<ext>_en_us.json for menubar, output, search, deeplink, markdown, vim. editor/files/terminal already have catalogs (with orphaned keys) — wire their hardcoded literals up and consume the orphans where they match.
+
+Can be split into smaller tasks if a single PR is too large; grouped here to keep the long tail in one tracked place.
+
+Acceptance: no hardcoded user-facing literals remain in any of these extensions; each has a catalog file with the keys it uses; no orphaned keys left in editor/files/terminal.', 'done', 'medium', NULL, NULL, 'D-21', '2026-06-17 09:57:41.092', '2026-06-18 20:16:03.746', NULL, '8212472a6e32ec3000b829a7abee3cb9', 2) ON CONFLICT(record_id) DO UPDATE SET type=excluded.type, parent_record_id=excluded.parent_record_id, title=excluded.title, description=excluded.description, status=excluded.status, priority=excluded.priority, assigned_to=excluded.assigned_to, team=excluded.team, decision_ref=excluded.decision_ref, updated_at=excluded.updated_at, deleted_at=excluded.deleted_at, hash=excluded.hash, canonical_version=excluded.canonical_version WHERE excluded.updated_at > tickets.updated_at OR (excluded.updated_at = tickets.updated_at AND excluded.hash > tickets.hash);
diff --git a/lib/builtin/deeplink/src/extension.dart b/lib/builtin/deeplink/src/extension.dart
index 4ce79d76..8f7dde49 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/deeplink/src/extension.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/deeplink/src/extension.dart
@@ -78,20 +78,44 @@ class _DeepLinkConfirmDialog extends StatelessWidget {
         mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
         crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
         children: [
-          ClideText('Open an external link?', fontSize: clideFontBody, color: t.globalForeground),
+          ClideText(
+            ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'dialog.title', namespace: 'builtin.deeplink', placeholder: 'Open an external link?'),
+            fontSize: clideFontBody,
+            color: t.globalForeground,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 6),
-          ClideText('A clide:// link from outside the app is asking to:', muted: true, fontSize: clideFontSmall),
+          ClideText(
+            ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'dialog.body', namespace: 'builtin.deeplink', placeholder: 'A clide:// link from outside the app is asking to:'),
+            muted: true,
+            fontSize: clideFontSmall,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 8),
           ClideText(action.describe, fontFamily: ClideSettings.fonts.monoOf(context), fontSize: clideFontSmall, color: t.globalForeground),
           const SizedBox(height: 8),
-          ClideText('Only allow this if you trust where the link came from.', fontSize: clideFontMeta, color: t.statusWarning),
+          ClideText(
+            ClideSettings.i18n.string(
+              context,
+              'dialog.warning',
+              namespace: 'builtin.deeplink',
+              placeholder: 'Only allow this if you trust where the link came from.',
+            ),
+            fontSize: clideFontMeta,
+            color: t.statusWarning,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 14),
           Row(
             mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.end,
             children: [
-              ClideButton(label: 'Cancel', onPressed: () => onResolve(false)),
+              ClideButton(
+                label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.cancel', namespace: 'builtin.deeplink', placeholder: 'Cancel'),
+                onPressed: () => onResolve(false),
+              ),
               const SizedBox(width: 8),
-              ClideButton(label: 'Open', variant: ClideButtonVariant.primary, onPressed: () => onResolve(true)),
+              ClideButton(
+                label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.open', namespace: 'builtin.deeplink', placeholder: 'Open'),
+                variant: ClideButtonVariant.primary,
+                onPressed: () => onResolve(true),
+              ),
             ],
           ),
         ],
diff --git a/lib/builtin/editor/src/editor_view.dart b/lib/builtin/editor/src/editor_view.dart
index 1bd22f75..6ec30ae3 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/editor/src/editor_view.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/editor/src/editor_view.dart
@@ -320,9 +320,19 @@ class _EditorViewState extends State<EditorView> {
       builder: (context, _) {
         if (c.buffers.isEmpty) {
           return ClidePaneChrome(
-            title: 'editor',
-            subtitle: 'no buffer · use `clide open <path>` or pick a file in the tree',
-            child: const Center(child: ClideText('Open a file to begin editing.', muted: true)),
+            title: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'chrome.title', namespace: 'builtin.editor', placeholder: 'editor'),
+            subtitle: ClideSettings.i18n.string(
+              context,
+              'subtitle.no-buffer',
+              namespace: 'builtin.editor',
+              placeholder: 'no buffer · use `clide open <path>` or pick a file in the tree',
+            ),
+            child: Center(
+              child: ClideText(
+                ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'empty', namespace: 'builtin.editor', placeholder: 'Open a file to begin editing.'),
+                muted: true,
+              ),
+            ),
           );
         }
         return MultitabPane<String>(
@@ -392,7 +402,7 @@ class _TextBody extends StatelessWidget {
       showCursor: true,
     );
     return Semantics(
-      label: 'editor text area',
+      label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'a11y.text-area', namespace: 'builtin.editor', placeholder: 'editor text area'),
       textField: true,
       multiline: true,
       child: ColoredBox(
diff --git a/lib/builtin/files/src/file_tree_view.dart b/lib/builtin/files/src/file_tree_view.dart
index aee7bc3f..9a0398ea 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/files/src/file_tree_view.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/files/src/file_tree_view.dart
@@ -105,7 +105,10 @@ class _FileTreeViewState extends State<FileTreeView> {
         }
         final root = c.rootPath;
         if (root == null) {
-          return const Padding(padding: EdgeInsets.all(12), child: ClideText('Loading…', muted: true));
+          return Padding(
+            padding: const EdgeInsets.all(12),
+            child: ClideText(ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'loading', namespace: 'builtin.files', placeholder: 'Loading…'), muted: true),
+          );
         }
         final rootName = root.split(Platform.pathSeparator).last;
         final selected = c.selectedPath;
@@ -127,10 +130,20 @@ class _FileTreeViewState extends State<FileTreeView> {
         );
         return Column(
           children: [
-            ClideFilterBox(address: 'files.tree', hint: 'Filter files…', onChanged: (v) => setState(() => _filter = v)),
+            ClideFilterBox(
+              address: 'files.tree',
+              hint: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'filter.hint', namespace: 'builtin.files', placeholder: 'Filter files…'),
+              onChanged: (v) => setState(() => _filter = v),
+            ),
             Expanded(
               child: Semantics(
-                label: 'file tree — $rootName',
+                label: ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+                  context,
+                  'a11y.tree',
+                  namespace: 'builtin.files',
+                  placeholder: 'file tree — {name}',
+                  replacers: [I18nReplacer(from: '{name}', replace: rootName)],
+                ),
                 container: true,
                 explicitChildNodes: true,
                 // Vim nav (j/k/h/l/gg/G/o) drives a selection cursor while this
@@ -206,7 +219,21 @@ class _DirRow extends StatelessWidget {
     final selected = path == selectedPath;
     return Semantics(
       button: true,
-      label: '${expanded ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand'} $name',
+      label: expanded
+          ? ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+              context,
+              'a11y.collapse',
+              namespace: 'builtin.files',
+              placeholder: 'Collapse {name}',
+              replacers: [I18nReplacer(from: '{name}', replace: name)],
+            )
+          : ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+              context,
+              'a11y.expand',
+              namespace: 'builtin.files',
+              placeholder: 'Expand {name}',
+              replacers: [I18nReplacer(from: '{name}', replace: name)],
+            ),
       onTap: () => controller.toggle(path),
       child: _Row(
         key: selected ? selectedKey : null,
@@ -235,7 +262,13 @@ class _FileRow extends StatelessWidget {
     final selected = path == selectedPath;
     return Semantics(
       button: true,
-      label: 'Open $name',
+      label: ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+        context,
+        'a11y.open',
+        namespace: 'builtin.files',
+        placeholder: 'Open {name}',
+        replacers: [I18nReplacer(from: '{name}', replace: name)],
+      ),
       onTap: () => _openFile(context, path),
       child: _Row(key: selected ? selectedKey : null, depth: depth, onTap: () => _openFile(context, path), label: name, selected: selected),
     );
diff --git a/lib/builtin/markdown/src/markdown_viewer.dart b/lib/builtin/markdown/src/markdown_viewer.dart
index eb571842..0cac1f1b 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/markdown/src/markdown_viewer.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/markdown/src/markdown_viewer.dart
@@ -95,11 +95,23 @@ class _MarkdownViewerState extends State<MarkdownViewer> {
       return Padding(padding: const EdgeInsets.all(12), child: ClideText(_error!, muted: true));
     }
     if (_content == null) {
-      return const Padding(padding: EdgeInsets.all(12), child: ClideText('Select a .md file to preview it here.', muted: true));
+      return Padding(
+        padding: const EdgeInsets.all(12),
+        child: ClideText(
+          ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'empty', namespace: 'builtin.markdown', placeholder: 'Select a .md file to preview it here.'),
+          muted: true,
+        ),
+      );
     }
     return ClidePaneChrome(
-      title: _path ?? 'viewer',
-      subtitle: '${_content!.split('\n').length} lines',
+      title: _path ?? ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'chrome.title', namespace: 'builtin.markdown', placeholder: 'viewer'),
+      subtitle: ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+        context,
+        'subtitle.lines',
+        namespace: 'builtin.markdown',
+        placeholder: '{count} lines',
+        replacers: [I18nReplacer(from: '{count}', replace: '${_content!.split('\n').length}')],
+      ),
       leading: ReaderPinButton(pinned: _nav?.hasPinned ?? false, onTap: _path != null ? _onPin : null),
       trailing: [
         ReaderActionBar(
diff --git a/lib/builtin/menubar/src/about_dialog.dart b/lib/builtin/menubar/src/about_dialog.dart
index c720de35..4710ece9 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/menubar/src/about_dialog.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/menubar/src/about_dialog.dart
@@ -32,18 +32,43 @@ class AboutDialog extends StatelessWidget {
           const SizedBox(height: 2),
           const ClideText(clideTagline, muted: true, fontSize: 13),
           const SizedBox(height: 16),
-          _Kv(label: 'Version', value: clideVersion, tokens: tokens),
-          _Kv(label: 'Commit', value: clideCommit, tokens: tokens),
-          _Kv(label: 'Built', value: _formatDate(clideDate), tokens: tokens),
-          _Kv(label: 'Repository', value: clideRepository, tokens: tokens),
+          _Kv(
+            label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'about.version', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Version'),
+            value: clideVersion,
+            tokens: tokens,
+          ),
+          _Kv(
+            label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'about.commit', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Commit'),
+            value: clideCommit,
+            tokens: tokens,
+          ),
+          _Kv(
+            label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'about.built', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Built'),
+            value: _formatDate(clideDate),
+            tokens: tokens,
+          ),
+          _Kv(
+            label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'about.repository', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Repository'),
+            value: clideRepository,
+            tokens: tokens,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 16),
-          ClideText('Bundled dependencies', fontSize: clideFontCaption, color: tokens.globalTextMuted),
+          ClideText(
+            ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'licenses.heading', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Bundled dependencies'),
+            fontSize: clideFontCaption,
+            color: tokens.globalTextMuted,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 6),
           _Licenses(tokens: tokens),
           const SizedBox(height: 16),
           Row(
             mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.end,
-            children: [ClideButton(label: 'Close', onPressed: onDismiss)],
+            children: [
+              ClideButton(
+                label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.close', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Close'),
+                onPressed: onDismiss,
+              ),
+            ],
           ),
         ],
       ),
@@ -86,7 +111,13 @@ class _Licenses extends StatelessWidget {
       future: loadLicenses(),
       builder: (context, snap) {
         if (!snap.hasData) {
-          return ClideText(snap.hasError ? 'Licenses unavailable.' : 'Loading…', fontSize: 12, color: tokens.globalTextMuted);
+          return ClideText(
+            snap.hasError
+                ? ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'licenses.unavailable', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Licenses unavailable.')
+                : ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'licenses.loading', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Loading…'),
+            fontSize: 12,
+            color: tokens.globalTextMuted,
+          );
         }
         final deps = snap.data!.dependencies;
         return Container(
diff --git a/lib/builtin/menubar/src/file_actions.dart b/lib/builtin/menubar/src/file_actions.dart
index 642504a7..04a3b028 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/menubar/src/file_actions.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/menubar/src/file_actions.dart
@@ -123,9 +123,17 @@ class _OpenFolderDialogState extends State<OpenFolderDialog> {
         mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
         crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
         children: [
-          const ClideText('Open project', fontSize: 16, fontWeight: FontWeight.w600),
+          ClideText(
+            ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'dialog.openProject.title', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Open project'),
+            fontSize: 16,
+            fontWeight: FontWeight.w600,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 4),
-          const ClideText('Enter the path to a git repository.', muted: true, fontSize: 13),
+          ClideText(
+            ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'dialog.openProject.body', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Enter the path to a git repository.'),
+            muted: true,
+            fontSize: 13,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 16),
           Container(
             padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8, vertical: 6),
@@ -148,14 +156,29 @@ class _OpenFolderDialogState extends State<OpenFolderDialog> {
               onSubmitted: (_) => unawaited(_submit()),
             ),
           ),
-          if (_error != null) ...[const SizedBox(height: 8), ClideText(_error!, color: tokens.statusError, fontSize: 12)],
+          if (_error != null) ...[
+            const SizedBox(height: 8),
+            ClideText(
+              ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'dialog.openProject.error', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Not a git repository'),
+              color: tokens.statusError,
+              fontSize: 12,
+            ),
+          ],
           const SizedBox(height: 16),
           Row(
             mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.end,
             children: [
-              ClideButton(label: 'Cancel', onPressed: widget.onCancel),
+              ClideButton(
+                label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.cancel', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Cancel'),
+                onPressed: widget.onCancel,
+              ),
               const SizedBox(width: 8),
-              ClideButton(label: _loading ? 'Opening…' : 'Open', onPressed: _loading ? null : _submit),
+              ClideButton(
+                label: _loading
+                    ? ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.opening', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Opening…')
+                    : ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.open', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'Open'),
+                onPressed: _loading ? null : _submit,
+              ),
             ],
           ),
         ],
@@ -186,15 +209,33 @@ class NotARepoDialog extends StatelessWidget {
         mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
         crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
         children: [
-          const ClideText('No git repo found', fontSize: 16, fontWeight: FontWeight.w600),
+          ClideText(
+            ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'dialog.notRepo.title', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'No git repo found'),
+            fontSize: 16,
+            fontWeight: FontWeight.w600,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 8),
           ClideText(path, muted: true, fontSize: 13),
           const SizedBox(height: 8),
-          const ClideText('A clide project root requires a git repository.', muted: true, fontSize: 13),
+          ClideText(
+            ClideSettings.i18n.string(
+              context,
+              'dialog.notRepo.body',
+              namespace: 'builtin.menubar',
+              placeholder: 'A clide project root requires a git repository.',
+            ),
+            muted: true,
+            fontSize: 13,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(height: 16),
           Row(
             mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.end,
-            children: [ClideButton(label: 'OK', onPressed: () => onDismiss())],
+            children: [
+              ClideButton(
+                label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.ok', namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: 'OK'),
+                onPressed: () => onDismiss(),
+              ),
+            ],
           ),
         ],
       ),
diff --git a/lib/builtin/menubar/src/menu_bar.dart b/lib/builtin/menubar/src/menu_bar.dart
index 716aa609..11f65fe3 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/menubar/src/menu_bar.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/menubar/src/menu_bar.dart
@@ -187,10 +187,24 @@ class _TopMenuButtonState extends State<_TopMenuButton> {
             alignment: Alignment.center,
             padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: clideInsetStandard),
             color: open || hovered ? tokens.listItemHoverBackground : null,
-            child: ClideText(widget.menu.title, fontSize: 12, color: open || hovered ? tokens.globalForeground : tokens.chromeForeground),
+            child: ClideText(_menuTitle(ctx, widget.menu.title), fontSize: 12, color: open || hovered ? tokens.globalForeground : tokens.chromeForeground),
           ),
         ),
       ),
     );
   }
+
+  /// Localize a curated top-menu title. The curated tree authors English
+  /// titles ('File'/'View'/'Help'); resolve each to its catalog entry, falling
+  /// back to the authored English (which also drives the Alt mnemonic).
+  String _menuTitle(BuildContext context, String title) {
+    final key = switch (title) {
+      'File' => 'menu.file',
+      'View' => 'menu.view',
+      'Help' => 'menu.help',
+      _ => null,
+    };
+    if (key == null) return title;
+    return ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, key, namespace: 'builtin.menubar', placeholder: title);
+  }
 }
diff --git a/lib/builtin/output/src/dock_status_item.dart b/lib/builtin/output/src/dock_status_item.dart
index 2380c738..535e38bb 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/output/src/dock_status_item.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/output/src/dock_status_item.dart
@@ -62,9 +62,10 @@ class _DockStatusItemState extends State<DockStatusItem> {
             : warns > 0
             ? ('⚠ $warns', tokens.statusWarning)
             : ('✓', tokens.statusSuccess);
+        final dockLabel = ClideSettings.i18n.string(ctx, 'dock.label', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'Output');
         return Semantics(
           button: true,
-          label: 'toggle output dock',
+          label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(ctx, 'a11y.toggleDock', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'toggle output dock'),
           child: GestureDetector(
             onTap: () => _toggle(kernel),
             child: MouseRegion(
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ class _DockStatusItemState extends State<DockStatusItem> {
                 child: Row(
                   mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
                   children: [
-                    ClideText('${open ? '▼' : '▲'} Output ', fontSize: clideFontCaption, color: tokens.globalForeground),
+                    ClideText('${open ? '▼' : '▲'} $dockLabel ', fontSize: clideFontCaption, color: tokens.globalForeground),
                     ClideText(badge, fontSize: clideFontCaption, color: color),
                   ],
                 ),
diff --git a/lib/builtin/output/src/output_view.dart b/lib/builtin/output/src/output_view.dart
index 1ea565f9..c094ef61 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/output/src/output_view.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/output/src/output_view.dart
@@ -78,18 +78,23 @@ class _OutputViewState extends State<OutputView> {
         final tokens = ClideSettings.theme.of(context).surface;
         final rows = _c.filtered;
         return Semantics(
-          label: 'output log',
+          label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'a11y.log', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'output log'),
           container: true,
           explicitChildNodes: true,
           child: Column(
             crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.stretch,
             children: [
-              _header(tokens),
+              _header(context, tokens),
               Expanded(
                 child: rows.isEmpty
                     ? Padding(
                         padding: const EdgeInsets.all(12),
-                        child: ClideText(widget.ring.isEmpty ? 'No output yet.' : 'No output matches the filter.', muted: true),
+                        child: ClideText(
+                          widget.ring.isEmpty
+                              ? ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'empty', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'No output yet.')
+                              : ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'empty.filtered', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'No output matches the filter.'),
+                          muted: true,
+                        ),
                       )
                     : Stack(
                         children: [
@@ -113,7 +118,8 @@ class _OutputViewState extends State<OutputView> {
     );
   }
 
-  Widget _header(SurfaceTokens tokens) {
+  Widget _header(BuildContext context, SurfaceTokens tokens) {
+    final sourceValue = _c.source ?? ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'source.all', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'all');
     return Container(
       padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8, vertical: 4),
       decoration: BoxDecoration(
@@ -122,14 +128,39 @@ class _OutputViewState extends State<OutputView> {
       child: Row(
         children: [
           Expanded(
-            child: ClideFilterBox(address: 'output.panel', hint: 'Filter…', onChanged: _c.setText),
+            child: ClideFilterBox(
+              address: 'output.panel',
+              hint: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'filter.hint', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'Filter…'),
+              onChanged: _c.setText,
+            ),
           ),
           const SizedBox(width: 8),
-          _Chip(label: 'Level: ${_c.minLevel.name}', onTap: () => _c.setMinLevel(LogLevel.values[(_c.minLevel.index + 1) % LogLevel.values.length])),
+          _Chip(
+            label: ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+              context,
+              'chip.level',
+              namespace: 'builtin.output',
+              placeholder: 'Level: {level}',
+              replacers: [I18nReplacer(from: '{level}', replace: _c.minLevel.name)],
+            ),
+            onTap: () => _c.setMinLevel(LogLevel.values[(_c.minLevel.index + 1) % LogLevel.values.length]),
+          ),
           const SizedBox(width: 6),
-          _Chip(label: 'Source: ${_c.source ?? 'all'}', onTap: _cycleSource),
+          _Chip(
+            label: ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+              context,
+              'chip.source',
+              namespace: 'builtin.output',
+              placeholder: 'Source: {source}',
+              replacers: [I18nReplacer(from: '{source}', replace: sourceValue)],
+            ),
+            onTap: _cycleSource,
+          ),
           const SizedBox(width: 6),
-          _Chip(label: 'Clear', onTap: _c.clear),
+          _Chip(
+            label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'chip.clear', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'Clear'),
+            onTap: _c.clear,
+          ),
         ],
       ),
     );
@@ -180,7 +211,7 @@ class _JumpPill extends StatelessWidget {
     final tokens = ClideSettings.theme.of(context).surface;
     return Semantics(
       button: true,
-      label: 'jump to latest',
+      label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'a11y.jumpToLatest', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'jump to latest'),
       child: GestureDetector(
         onTap: onTap,
         child: MouseRegion(
@@ -192,7 +223,11 @@ class _JumpPill extends StatelessWidget {
               border: Border.all(color: tokens.globalFocus),
               borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(12),
             ),
-            child: ClideText('Jump to latest ↓', fontSize: clideFontCaption, color: tokens.globalFocus),
+            child: ClideText(
+              ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'jump.label', namespace: 'builtin.output', placeholder: 'Jump to latest ↓'),
+              fontSize: clideFontCaption,
+              color: tokens.globalFocus,
+            ),
           ),
         ),
       ),
diff --git a/lib/builtin/search/src/search_panel_view.dart b/lib/builtin/search/src/search_panel_view.dart
index 6693981d..8f9b35b0 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/search/src/search_panel_view.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/search/src/search_panel_view.dart
@@ -51,14 +51,33 @@ class _SearchPanelViewState extends State<SearchPanelView> {
     final dialog = ClideKernel.of(context).dialog;
     if (!await c.isWorkingTreeClean()) {
       await dialog.show<Object>(
-        (ctx, dismiss) =>
-            _MessageDialog(title: 'Working tree not clean', body: 'Commit or stash your changes before replacing — git is the only undo.', dismiss: dismiss),
+        (ctx, dismiss) => _MessageDialog(
+          title: ClideSettings.i18n.string(ctx, 'dialog.dirty.title', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Working tree not clean'),
+          body: ClideSettings.i18n.string(
+            ctx,
+            'dialog.dirty.body',
+            namespace: 'builtin.search',
+            placeholder: 'Commit or stash your changes before replacing — git is the only undo.',
+          ),
+          dismiss: dismiss,
+        ),
       );
       return;
     }
     final confirmed = await dialog.show<bool>(
-      (ctx, dismiss) =>
-          _ConfirmDialog(body: 'Replace ${c.matchCount} match(es) across ${c.fileCount} file(s)? This cannot be undone in clide.', dismiss: dismiss),
+      (ctx, dismiss) => _ConfirmDialog(
+        body: ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+          ctx,
+          'dialog.confirm.body',
+          namespace: 'builtin.search',
+          placeholder: 'Replace {matches} match(es) across {files} file(s)? This cannot be undone in clide.',
+          replacers: [
+            I18nReplacer(from: '{matches}', replace: '${c.matchCount}'),
+            I18nReplacer(from: '{files}', replace: '${c.fileCount}'),
+          ],
+        ),
+        dismiss: dismiss,
+      ),
     );
     if (confirmed != true) return;
     await c.applyReplace();
@@ -104,13 +123,18 @@ class _SearchPanelViewState extends State<SearchPanelView> {
               child: Column(
                 crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.stretch,
                 children: [
-                  ClideFilterBox(address: 'search.findInFiles', hint: 'Search', onChanged: c.run, onSubmitted: c.run),
+                  ClideFilterBox(
+                    address: 'search.findInFiles',
+                    hint: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'find.hint', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Search'),
+                    onChanged: c.run,
+                    onSubmitted: c.run,
+                  ),
                   const SizedBox(height: 6),
                   Row(
                     children: [
                       _Toggle(
                         label: '.*',
-                        tooltip: 'Regular expression',
+                        tooltip: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'toggle.regex', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Regular expression'),
                         active: c.regex,
                         tokens: tokens,
                         onTap: () {
@@ -121,7 +145,7 @@ class _SearchPanelViewState extends State<SearchPanelView> {
                       const SizedBox(width: 6),
                       _Toggle(
                         label: 'Aa',
-                        tooltip: 'Case insensitive',
+                        tooltip: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'toggle.caseInsensitive', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Case insensitive'),
                         active: c.ignoreCase,
                         tokens: tokens,
                         onTap: () {
@@ -139,7 +163,7 @@ class _SearchPanelViewState extends State<SearchPanelView> {
                       Expanded(
                         child: ClideFilterBox(
                           address: 'search.findInFiles.replace',
-                          hint: 'Replace',
+                          hint: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'replace.hint', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Replace'),
                           icon: null,
                           debounce: Duration.zero,
                           onChanged: c.setReplacement,
@@ -152,7 +176,7 @@ class _SearchPanelViewState extends State<SearchPanelView> {
                   const SizedBox(height: 6),
                   ClideFilterBox(
                     address: 'search.findInFiles.include',
-                    hint: 'files to include (e.g. *.dart)',
+                    hint: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'include.hint', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'files to include (e.g. *.dart)'),
                     icon: null,
                     debounce: Duration.zero,
                     onChanged: (v) => c.include = v,
@@ -160,7 +184,7 @@ class _SearchPanelViewState extends State<SearchPanelView> {
                   const SizedBox(height: 4),
                   ClideFilterBox(
                     address: 'search.findInFiles.exclude',
-                    hint: 'files to exclude',
+                    hint: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'exclude.hint', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'files to exclude'),
                     icon: null,
                     debounce: Duration.zero,
                     onChanged: (v) => c.exclude = v,
@@ -196,7 +220,14 @@ class _ModeSwitcher extends StatelessWidget {
   final SurfaceTokens tokens;
   final ValueChanged<SearchTabMode> onSelect;
 
-  static const _labels = {SearchTabMode.find: 'Find', SearchTabMode.vault: 'Vault', SearchTabMode.query: 'Query', SearchTabMode.markdown: 'Markdown'};
+  // (catalog key, English label) per mode. The key/English pair resolves
+  // through the i18n catalog at render (D-21).
+  static const _labels = {
+    SearchTabMode.find: ('mode.find', 'Find'),
+    SearchTabMode.vault: ('mode.vault', 'Vault'),
+    SearchTabMode.query: ('mode.query', 'Query'),
+    SearchTabMode.markdown: ('mode.markdown', 'Markdown'),
+  };
 
   @override
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
@@ -207,26 +238,28 @@ class _ModeSwitcher extends StatelessWidget {
       ),
       child: Row(
         children: [
-          for (final m in SearchTabMode.values) ...[
-            Semantics(
-              button: true,
-              selected: m == mode,
-              label: _labels[m]!,
-              child: ClideTappable(
-                onTap: () => onSelect(m),
-                builder: (ctx, hovered, _) => ClideText(
-                  _labels[m]!,
-                  fontSize: clideFontCaption,
-                  color: m == mode ? tokens.globalForeground : (hovered ? tokens.sidebarForeground : tokens.globalTextMuted),
-                ),
-              ),
-            ),
-            const SizedBox(width: 10),
-          ],
+          for (final m in SearchTabMode.values) ...[_modeButton(context, m), const SizedBox(width: 10)],
         ],
       ),
     );
   }
+
+  Widget _modeButton(BuildContext context, SearchTabMode m) {
+    final label = ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, _labels[m]!.$1, namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: _labels[m]!.$2);
+    return Semantics(
+      button: true,
+      selected: m == mode,
+      label: label,
+      child: ClideTappable(
+        onTap: () => onSelect(m),
+        builder: (ctx, hovered, _) => ClideText(
+          label,
+          fontSize: clideFontCaption,
+          color: m == mode ? tokens.globalForeground : (hovered ? tokens.sidebarForeground : tokens.globalTextMuted),
+        ),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
 }
 
 class _Toggle extends StatelessWidget {
@@ -274,11 +307,20 @@ class _StatusText extends StatelessWidget {
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
     final String text;
     if (c.running) {
-      text = 'Searching…';
+      text = ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'status.searching', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Searching…');
     } else if (c.matchCount == 0 && c.done) {
-      text = 'No results';
+      text = ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'status.noResults', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'No results');
     } else if (c.matchCount > 0) {
-      text = '${c.matchCount} in ${c.fileCount}';
+      text = ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+        context,
+        'status.counts',
+        namespace: 'builtin.search',
+        placeholder: '{matches} in {files}',
+        replacers: [
+          I18nReplacer(from: '{matches}', replace: '${c.matchCount}'),
+          I18nReplacer(from: '{files}', replace: '${c.fileCount}'),
+        ],
+      );
     } else {
       text = '';
     }
@@ -332,7 +374,16 @@ class _MatchRow extends StatelessWidget {
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
     return Semantics(
       button: true,
-      label: 'Open ${match.path} line ${match.line}',
+      label: ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+        context,
+        'a11y.openMatch',
+        namespace: 'builtin.search',
+        placeholder: 'Open {path} line {line}',
+        replacers: [
+          I18nReplacer(from: '{path}', replace: match.path),
+          I18nReplacer(from: '{line}', replace: '${match.line}'),
+        ],
+      ),
       onTap: onTap,
       child: ClideTappable(
         onTap: onTap,
@@ -414,10 +465,11 @@ class _ReplaceAllButton extends StatelessWidget {
 
   @override
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    final label = ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.replaceAll', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Replace all');
     return Semantics(
       button: true,
       enabled: enabled,
-      label: 'Replace all',
+      label: label,
       child: ClideTappable(
         onTap: enabled ? onTap : () {},
         builder: (context, hovered, _) => Container(
@@ -427,7 +479,7 @@ class _ReplaceAllButton extends StatelessWidget {
             border: Border.all(color: tokens.buttonBorder),
             borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(4),
           ),
-          child: ClideText('Replace all', fontSize: clideFontCaption, color: enabled ? tokens.sidebarForeground : tokens.globalTextMuted),
+          child: ClideText(label, fontSize: clideFontCaption, color: enabled ? tokens.sidebarForeground : tokens.globalTextMuted),
         ),
       ),
     );
@@ -453,7 +505,11 @@ class _MessageDialog extends StatelessWidget {
         const SizedBox(height: 12),
         Align(
           alignment: Alignment.centerRight,
-          child: _DialogButton(label: 'OK', tokens: tokens, onTap: () => dismiss()),
+          child: _DialogButton(
+            label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.ok', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'OK'),
+            tokens: tokens,
+            onTap: () => dismiss(),
+          ),
         ),
       ],
     );
@@ -477,9 +533,17 @@ class _ConfirmDialog extends StatelessWidget {
         Row(
           mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.end,
           children: [
-            _DialogButton(label: 'Cancel', tokens: tokens, onTap: () => dismiss(false)),
+            _DialogButton(
+              label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.cancel', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Cancel'),
+              tokens: tokens,
+              onTap: () => dismiss(false),
+            ),
             const SizedBox(width: 8),
-            _DialogButton(label: 'Confirm', tokens: tokens, onTap: () => dismiss(true)),
+            _DialogButton(
+              label: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'button.confirm', namespace: 'builtin.search', placeholder: 'Confirm'),
+              tokens: tokens,
+              onTap: () => dismiss(true),
+            ),
           ],
         ),
       ],
diff --git a/lib/builtin/terminal/src/terminal_pane.dart b/lib/builtin/terminal/src/terminal_pane.dart
index c1b97ef8..8742c223 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/terminal/src/terminal_pane.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/terminal/src/terminal_pane.dart
@@ -140,14 +140,38 @@ class _TerminalPaneState extends State<TerminalPane> {
 
   @override
   Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    final subtitle = _error != null ? _error! : (_paneId == null ? 'spawning shell…' : 'pid $_pid · ${_paneId!}');
+    final spawning = ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'subtitle.spawning', namespace: 'builtin.terminal', placeholder: 'spawning shell…');
+    final errorText = _error == null ? null : _localizeError(context, _error!);
+    final subtitle = errorText ?? (_paneId == null ? spawning : 'pid $_pid · ${_paneId!}');
 
     return ClidePaneChrome(
-      title: 'terminal',
+      title: ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'chrome.title', namespace: 'builtin.terminal', placeholder: 'terminal'),
       subtitle: subtitle,
-      child: _error != null ? _ErrorBody(message: _error!) : ClidePtyView(terminal: _terminal, label: 'terminal — $subtitle'),
+      child: errorText != null
+          ? _ErrorBody(message: errorText)
+          : ClidePtyView(
+              terminal: _terminal,
+              label: ClideSettings.i18n.interpolated(
+                context,
+                'a11y.label',
+                namespace: 'builtin.terminal',
+                placeholder: 'terminal — {subtitle}',
+                replacers: [I18nReplacer(from: '{subtitle}', replace: subtitle)],
+              ),
+            ),
     );
   }
+
+  /// Localize the two known error literals stored in [_error] (set in async
+  /// handlers where `context` can't be used); any other value — e.g. a daemon
+  /// `response.error?.message` — is dynamic data and passes through as-is.
+  String _localizeError(BuildContext context, String raw) {
+    return switch (raw) {
+      'Backend not connected.' => ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'error.daemon', namespace: 'builtin.terminal', placeholder: 'Backend not connected.'),
+      'Shell exited.' => ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'subtitle.exited', namespace: 'builtin.terminal', placeholder: 'Shell exited.'),
+      _ => raw,
+    };
+  }
 }
 
 class _ErrorBody extends StatelessWidget {
@@ -161,7 +185,11 @@ class _ErrorBody extends StatelessWidget {
         alignment: Alignment.topLeft,
         child: Column(
           crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
-          children: [const ClideText('Terminal unavailable'), const SizedBox(height: 4), ClideText(message, muted: true)],
+          children: [
+            ClideText(ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'error.unavailable', namespace: 'builtin.terminal', placeholder: 'Terminal unavailable')),
+            const SizedBox(height: 4),
+            ClideText(message, muted: true),
+          ],
         ),
       ),
     );
diff --git a/lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_indicator.dart b/lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_indicator.dart
index 62456af9..3b2f6cf6 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_indicator.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_indicator.dart
@@ -17,14 +17,11 @@ class VimModeIndicator extends StatelessWidget {
       builder: (context, _) {
         if (!service.enabled) return const SizedBox.shrink();
         final tokens = ClideSettings.theme.of(context).surface;
+        final mode = service.mode;
+        final label = ClideSettings.i18n.string(context, 'mode.${mode.name}', namespace: 'builtin.vim', placeholder: mode.label);
         return Padding(
           padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8),
-          child: ClideText(
-            '-- ${service.mode.label} --',
-            fontFamily: ClideSettings.fonts.monoOf(context),
-            fontSize: clideFontCaption,
-            color: tokens.statusBarForeground,
-          ),
+          child: ClideText('-- $label --', fontFamily: ClideSettings.fonts.monoOf(context), fontSize: clideFontCaption, color: tokens.statusBarForeground),
         );
       },
     );
diff --git a/lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_service.dart b/lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_service.dart
index bd33c011..e83f1fb8 100644
--- a/lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_service.dart
+++ b/lib/builtin/vim/src/vim_mode_service.dart
@@ -31,8 +31,9 @@ enum VimMode {
   /// The keymap scope flag set true exactly when this mode is active.
   final String scopeFlag;
 
-  /// Status-bar label, shown as `-- NORMAL --` (Vim's own vocabulary;
-  /// intentionally untranslated, like Vim itself).
+  /// English status-bar label, shown as `-- NORMAL --`. Used as the i18n
+  /// placeholder for `mode.<name>` in the builtin.vim catalog (T-462); the
+  /// default keeps Vim's own vocabulary, but a locale may override it.
   final String label;
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.deeplink_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.deeplink_en_us.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee25f878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.deeplink_en_us.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "dialog.title": { "translation": "Open an external link?" },
+  "dialog.body": { "translation": "A clide:// link from outside the app is asking to:" },
+  "dialog.warning": { "translation": "Only allow this if you trust where the link came from." },
+  "button.cancel": { "translation": "Cancel" },
+  "button.open": { "translation": "Open" }
+}
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.editor_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.editor_en_us.json
index 58a96b0f..d6962930 100644
--- a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.editor_en_us.json
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.editor_en_us.json
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 {
   "tab.title": { "translation": "Editor" },
+  "chrome.title": { "translation": "editor" },
   "empty": { "translation": "Open a file to begin editing." },
-  "subtitle.no-buffer": { "translation": "no buffer · use `clide open <path>` or pick a file in the tree" }
+  "subtitle.no-buffer": { "translation": "no buffer · use `clide open <path>` or pick a file in the tree" },
+  "a11y.text-area": { "translation": "editor text area" }
 }
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.files_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.files_en_us.json
index 670ebe5f..edd999ea 100644
--- a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.files_en_us.json
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.files_en_us.json
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 {
   "tab.title": { "translation": "Files" },
   "loading": { "translation": "Loading…" },
-  "empty": { "translation": "No visible files" }
+  "empty": { "translation": "No visible files" },
+  "filter.hint": { "translation": "Filter files…" },
+  "a11y.tree": { "translation": "file tree — {name}" },
+  "a11y.collapse": { "translation": "Collapse {name}" },
+  "a11y.expand": { "translation": "Expand {name}" },
+  "a11y.open": { "translation": "Open {name}" }
 }
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.markdown_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.markdown_en_us.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a02985b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.markdown_en_us.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "empty": { "translation": "Select a .md file to preview it here." },
+  "chrome.title": { "translation": "viewer" },
+  "subtitle.lines": { "translation": "{count} lines" }
+}
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.menubar_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.menubar_en_us.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee6ae904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.menubar_en_us.json
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+{
+  "menu.file": { "translation": "File" },
+  "menu.view": { "translation": "View" },
+  "menu.help": { "translation": "Help" },
+  "about.version": { "translation": "Version" },
+  "about.commit": { "translation": "Commit" },
+  "about.built": { "translation": "Built" },
+  "about.repository": { "translation": "Repository" },
+  "licenses.heading": { "translation": "Bundled dependencies" },
+  "licenses.unavailable": { "translation": "Licenses unavailable." },
+  "licenses.loading": { "translation": "Loading…" },
+  "button.close": { "translation": "Close" },
+  "button.cancel": { "translation": "Cancel" },
+  "button.open": { "translation": "Open" },
+  "button.opening": { "translation": "Opening…" },
+  "button.ok": { "translation": "OK" },
+  "dialog.openProject.title": { "translation": "Open project" },
+  "dialog.openProject.body": { "translation": "Enter the path to a git repository." },
+  "dialog.openProject.error": { "translation": "Not a git repository" },
+  "dialog.notRepo.title": { "translation": "No git repo found" },
+  "dialog.notRepo.body": { "translation": "A clide project root requires a git repository." }
+}
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.output_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.output_en_us.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c967109e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.output_en_us.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "a11y.log": { "translation": "output log" },
+  "empty": { "translation": "No output yet." },
+  "empty.filtered": { "translation": "No output matches the filter." },
+  "filter.hint": { "translation": "Filter…" },
+  "chip.level": { "translation": "Level: {level}" },
+  "chip.source": { "translation": "Source: {source}" },
+  "chip.clear": { "translation": "Clear" },
+  "source.all": { "translation": "all" },
+  "a11y.jumpToLatest": { "translation": "jump to latest" },
+  "jump.label": { "translation": "Jump to latest ↓" },
+  "a11y.toggleDock": { "translation": "toggle output dock" },
+  "dock.label": { "translation": "Output" }
+}
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.search_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.search_en_us.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ea22a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.search_en_us.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "mode.find": { "translation": "Find" },
+  "mode.vault": { "translation": "Vault" },
+  "mode.query": { "translation": "Query" },
+  "mode.markdown": { "translation": "Markdown" },
+  "find.hint": { "translation": "Search" },
+  "replace.hint": { "translation": "Replace" },
+  "include.hint": { "translation": "files to include (e.g. *.dart)" },
+  "exclude.hint": { "translation": "files to exclude" },
+  "toggle.regex": { "translation": "Regular expression" },
+  "toggle.caseInsensitive": { "translation": "Case insensitive" },
+  "status.searching": { "translation": "Searching…" },
+  "status.noResults": { "translation": "No results" },
+  "status.counts": { "translation": "{matches} in {files}" },
+  "a11y.openMatch": { "translation": "Open {path} line {line}" },
+  "button.replaceAll": { "translation": "Replace all" },
+  "button.ok": { "translation": "OK" },
+  "button.cancel": { "translation": "Cancel" },
+  "button.confirm": { "translation": "Confirm" },
+  "dialog.dirty.title": { "translation": "Working tree not clean" },
+  "dialog.dirty.body": { "translation": "Commit or stash your changes before replacing — git is the only undo." },
+  "dialog.confirm.body": { "translation": "Replace {matches} match(es) across {files} file(s)? This cannot be undone in clide." }
+}
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.terminal_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.terminal_en_us.json
index 5eced900..9fd66990 100644
--- a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.terminal_en_us.json
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.terminal_en_us.json
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 {
   "tab.title": { "translation": "Terminal" },
+  "chrome.title": { "translation": "terminal" },
   "subtitle.spawning": { "translation": "spawning shell…" },
   "subtitle.exited": { "translation": "Shell exited." },
   "error.unavailable": { "translation": "Terminal unavailable" },
-  "error.daemon": { "translation": "Backend not connected." }
+  "error.daemon": { "translation": "Backend not connected." },
+  "a11y.label": { "translation": "terminal — {subtitle}" }
 }
diff --git a/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.vim_en_us.json b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.vim_en_us.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2196f7af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/kernel/src/i18n/catalog/builtin.vim_en_us.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "mode.normal": { "translation": "NORMAL" },
+  "mode.insert": { "translation": "INSERT" },
+  "mode.visual": { "translation": "VISUAL" }
+}
diff --git a/test/builtin/output/dock_status_item_test.dart b/test/builtin/output/dock_status_item_test.dart
index 41bd361a..b27e7597 100644
--- a/test/builtin/output/dock_status_item_test.dart
+++ b/test/builtin/output/dock_status_item_test.dart
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ library;
 
 import 'package:clide/builtin/default_layout/default_layout.dart';
 import 'package:clide/builtin/output/output.dart';
+import 'dart:ui';
+
 import 'package:clide/kernel/kernel.dart';
 import 'package:clide/widgets/widgets.dart';
 import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
@@ -16,7 +18,19 @@ void main() {
   late KernelFixture f;
 
   setUp(() async {
-    f = await KernelFixture.create();
+    // Seed builtin.output so the widget's own i18n lookups resolve — as they do
+    // at boot in the real app. Otherwise "namespace not registered" warnings
+    // land in the logRing this very widget counts, skewing the health badge.
+    f = await KernelFixture.create(
+      i18nCatalogs: {
+        'builtin.output': {
+          const Locale('en', 'US'): const {
+            'dock.label': {'translation': 'Output'},
+            'a11y.toggleDock': {'translation': 'toggle output dock'},
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    );
     f.services.extensions.register(DefaultLayoutExtension());
     await f.services.extensions.activate('builtin.default-layout');
   });